Implement XOR Problem using Multi-Layered Perceptron
XoR Problem: Below is a clear, step-by-step implementation of the XOR problem using a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP). I will first explain the theory, then show the mathematical steps, and finally provide a simple implementation. Step 1: Understand the XOR Problem The XOR (Exclusive OR) function outputs: x₁ x₂ XOR 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Key observation : XOR is not linearly separable, so it cannot be solved by a single-layer perceptron. Hence, we need a Multi-Layer Perceptron with at least one hidden layer. Step 2: Network Architecture We choose a 2–2–1 MLP architecture : Input layer : 2 neurons (x₁, x₂) Hidden layer : 2 neurons Output layer : 1 neuron Activation function: Hidden layer → Sigmoid Output layer → Sigmoid Step 3: Initialize Parameters Let: Weights...